SUMMARY OF SPEECH ACT THEORY

Austin (1962) mentions that basically when someone says something, he also does something. Speech act theory emerges as a reaction to descriptive fallacy, namely the view that declarative sentences are always used to describe facts or state of affairs, which must be done correctly or incorrectly. According to Austin, there are still many declarative sentences that do not describe, report, or state anything, so that they cannot be ascertained as being right or wrong. Therefore, Austin groups two types of utterances. First the constant speech. Constantine speech is a type of utterance that describes a factual condition, the contents of which may refer to a fact or historical event that has actually occurred. Next is the performative utterance. Unlike the constant utterances, performative utterances have implications for the speaker's actions even though it is difficult to know right or wrong because these utterances are more related to the speaker's behavior or actions. Meanwhile, Searle (1962: 21) states speech acts are the most basic part of communication. In 1976 Searle classified speech acts into five parts, declarative, representative, expressive, directive, and commissive. Declarative namely speech acts that change the world through speech. Declarative speech is said by the speaker to create something new. Representative is a speech that binds the speaker of the truth of what is being said, such as facts, affirmations, conclusions, and descriptions. Expressive, which is a type of speech act that states something that is felt by the speaker. These speech acts reflect psychological statements in the form of statements of joy, difficulty, joy, or misery. When using expressive speech acts, speakers connect with their feelings. The directive, the type of speech act used by the speaker to get someone else to do something, such as stating what the speaker wants. These speech acts include orders, orders, requests, giving, advice, etc. Finally, commissive speech acts. This type of speech act is understood by speakers to bind themselves to actions in the future.